Effects of polysaccharide from Ophiopogon japonicus on immune response to Newcastle disease vaccine in chicken

In order to investigate the immune enhancement effects of Ophiopogon japonicus polysaccharide Ophiopogon japonicus (OJPS) on Newcastle disease (ND) live vaccine, chickens vaccinated against ND live vaccine was orally administered with the OJPS at high, medium and low concentrations respectively. In negative control group, chickens were given orally equal volume of physiological saline. On day 14, 21 and 28, the serum antibody titer, erythrocyte-C3b receptor rosette rate (E-C3bRR), erythrocyte-C3b immune complex rosette rate (E-ICRR) and peripheral lymphocyte proliferation were measured. The results showed that at most time points, the antibody titer, peripheral lymphocyte proliferation, E-C3bRR and elimination rate of immune complex of three OJPS administrating groups were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those in negative control group. It indicated that OJPS could significantly improve the immune efficacy of Newcastle disease live vaccine, Ophiopogon japonicus polysaccharide possessed synergistical immunoenhancement.(AU)

Experimental infection with Brazilian Newcastle disease virus strain in pigeons and chickens

Abstract This study was designed with the goal of adding as much information as possible about the role of pigeons (Columba livia) and chickens (Gallus gallus) in Newcastle disease virus epidemiology. These species were submitted to direct experimental infection with Newcastle disease virus to evaluate interspecies transmission and virus-host relationships. The results obtained in four experimental models were analyzed by hemagglutination inhibition and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for detection of virus shedding. These techniques revealed that both avian species, when previously immunized with a low pathogenic Newcastle disease virus strain (LaSota), developed high antibody titers that significantly reduced virus shedding after infection with a highly pathogenic Newcastle disease virus strain (São Joao do Meriti) and that, in chickens, prevent clinical signs. Infected pigeons shed the pathogenic strain, which was not detected in sentinel chickens or control birds. When the presence of Newcastle disease virus was analyzed in tissue samples by RT-PCR, in both species, the virus was most frequently found in the spleen. The vaccination regimen can prevent clinical disease in chickens and reduce viral shedding by chickens or pigeons. Biosecurity measures associated with vaccination programs are crucial to maintain a virulent Newcastle disease virus-free status in industrial poultry in Brazil.

Improved immunogenicity of Newcastle disease virus inactivated vaccine following DNA vaccination using Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and fusion protein genes

The present study describes the development of DNA vaccines using the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) genes from AF2240 Newcastle disease virus strain, namely pIRES/HN, pIRES/F and pIRES-F/HN. Transient expression analysis of the constructs in Vero cells revealed the successful expression of gene inserts in vitro. Moreover, in vivo experiments showed that single vaccination with the constructed plasmid DNA (pDNA) followed by a boost with inactivated vaccine induced a significant difference in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody levels (p < 0.05) elicited by either pIRES/F, pIRES/F+ pIRES/HN or pIRES-F/HN at one week after the booster in specific pathogen free chickens when compared with the inactivated vaccine alone. Taken together, these results indicated that recombinant pDNA could be used to increase the efficacy of the inactivated vaccine immunization procedure.

Effects of Dangguibuxue Tang, a Chinese herbal medicine, on growth performance and immune responses in broiler chicks

The effects of Dangguibuxue Tang (DBT) on growth performance and immunity response in immunosuppressed broiler chicks were investigated in this study. 240 one-d-old broiler chicks (DaHeng S01) were randomly divided into 4 groups, 2.0% DBT-treatment (A), 0.5% DBT-treatment (B), cyclophosphamide-control (C), and control group (D). From 4 d to 7 d of age, chicks in group A, B and C were given cyclophosphamide (CY) at a dosage of 100mg/kg body weight (BW) daily by intraperitoneal injection to induce immunosuppression. Chicks in group D were given an equal volume of physiological saline daily by intraperitoneal injection and considered normal chicks. Groups A and B were supplemented with 2.0% or 0.5% of DBT in the drinking water from 8 d to 42 d of age. Groups C and D did not receive any additional medication. The results revealed that chicks from group B had lower feed:gain rate (FGR), lower total mortality, higher immunity organ indexes, higher levels of Newcastle disease (ND) antibody and infectious bursal disease (IBD) antibody, higher interleukin-2 and interleukin-6 levels, and greater lymphocyte proliferative responses to concanavalin A (ConA) during the experiment than those from group C. However, no significant difference in the immunity status in the two levels of DBT-treatment was observed. These results indicate that supplementation of 0.5% of DBT can improve both cellular immunity and humoral immunity in immunosuppressed broiler chicks.

[Effect of Echinacea purpurea dried extract effect on producing antibody from newcastle disease vaccine in broilers by HI test]

Newcastle disease is one of the most important causes of economic losses in the poultry production and can he resulted in high mortality. Antibody detection is also an important tool for assessment of the immunity against the disease. In the present study a trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of an immune stimulator[Echinacea purpurea] on antibody production against Newcastle disease vaccine. 450 one day old broiler chicks were divide into five groups of three repeat each. For three weeks from day one various doses of Echinacea purpurea extract was prescribed to four treatment groups and to the fifth group placebo in water was prescribed. All groups were vaccinated on days:11, 19, 38. Subsequently. serum samples were collected at days 10. 25, 34.52 of post vaccination from 21 chicks of each group [4 samples of each repeat] and were tested for Newcastle antibody titers by HI test. This experiment showed that the use of Echinacea purpurea extract with the rate of 29, 75Mg per kilo body weight per day had better effects on antibody titers and significantly increased between control group arid treatment groups [p<0.01]. It is also revealed that the use of Echinacea purpurea induces FCR improvement and mortality rate was decreased significantly [p<0.01]

Antigenic and immunogenic investigation of the virulence motif of the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein

Newcastle disease (ND) caused by virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a highly contagious viral disease of poultry. Virulent NDVs characteristically have a multibasic amino acid sequence (virulence motif) such as (112)RRQKRF(117) at the cleavage site of the precusor fusion (F0) protein. The antigenic and immunogenic characteristics of the virulence motif (112)RRQKRF(117) in the F0 protein of virulent NDVs were investigated. Epitope mapping analysis revealed that a RRQKRF-specific monoclonal antibody 4G2 recognized the KRF section of the motif. A synthetic peptide bearing the RRQKRF motif reacted strongly with sera from virulent NDV (with RRQKRF motif)-infected chickens. These sera also showed reactivity to peptides bearing other virulence motifs ((112)KRQKRF(117), (112)RRQRRF(117) and (112)RRRKRF(117)) but not an avirulence motif ((112)GRQGRL(117)) by ELISA. The synthetic bearing RRQKRF motif reacted with 60% to 91% of sera taken from surviving chickens on ND outbreak farms but not with sera from vaccinated birds, even though most of the sera had antibody to NDV due to vaccination. This indicates that the virulence motif has the potential to differentiate virulent NDV infected birds from vaccinated birds.

[Effect of experimental coccidial infection on cellular immunity induced by newcastle disease vaccination in broilers]

In order to evaluate the possible immunosuppressive effects of coccidial infection on Cell Mediated Immunity [CMI] of broiler chickens, 640 Ross male day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into 4 equal groups of 160 [each consist of 4 replicates of 40]. The negative control group remained unchallenged, while the other three groups challenged with 3 different levels of high, medium and low doses of mixed inoculums of E. acervulina and E. maxima at 15 days of age. For the assessment of CMI, Macrophage Migration Inhibition [MIF] test was performed. For this purpose blood samples were collected at 15, 22, 36 days of age. No significant difference was observed among MIF of different groups at 15 days of age [p>0.05]. At 22 and 36 days of age a significant difference observed among MIF of high dose and control groups [p<0.05]. According to the results, it can be concluded that severe coccidial infection may compromise specific CMI activity in broilers

Locally produced mucosal IgG in chickens immunized with conventional vaccines for Newcastle disease virus

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is the causative agent of an economically important disease, which affects all species of birds worldwide. Current vaccination programs for NDV include the use of either low-virulent live-virus vaccines or inactivated vaccines to induce protective immunity while producing minimal adverse effects in birds. In order to further characterize the immune response elicited by live virus and inactivated NDV conventional vaccines in chickens, we evaluated the presence of specific antibodies in different secretions and in tissue culture supernatants of immunized birds. To this end, we analyzed all the samples by ELISA, using an indirect assay set up in the laboratory. Specific anti-NDV IgG antibodies were detected in tracheal and cloacal swabs and tracheal and intestinal washes of immunized animals. We also found specific anti-NDV IgG antibodies in tracheal and intestinal tissue culture supernatants, indicating that the IgG found in swabs and washes was not transudated from serum or, at least, was not all transudated from serum. Knowledge about the mechanisms involved in the immune response of chickens to different NDV vaccines should increase our understanding of the mucosal response against the virus and, eventually, provide new useful information for the development and evaluation of synthetic vaccines.

Study on effect of difloxacin on immune response of chickens vaccinated against Newcastle Disease

Difloxacin is a recent fluoroquinolone antibacterial .The aim of this study to evaluate the effect of difloxacin on the immunity of chickens before and after vaccination with Newcastle disease .Sixty hubberd one day old chicks were divided into 2 equal groups. for 2 experiment the first one contain 2 groups group A was control, group was treated with difloxacine [1 ml/litre of drinking water] for 5 successive days before vaccination two groups vaccinated with lasota at 20 days of age and 2[nd] experiment contain group c vaccinated with lasota at 20 days of age group D was treated with difloxacine [1 ml/litre of drinking water] for 5 successive days after vaccination. The result showed that there was significant decrease in WBCs, lymphocytes and phagocytic assay in the 1st week in group treated before vaccination but in 1st and 2nd week in group treated after vaccination. On the other hand there was significant increase in AST level in group treated before vaccination in addition to this results there was significant increase in uric acid in group treated after vaccination only. Also there were non significant changes in total protein, albumin and globulin. Also there were significant decrease in the weight of thymus and bursa in 1st and 2nd week respectively in group treated with difloxacin before vaccination, but there was significant decrease in the weight of thymus and bursa only in 2nd week in group treated with difloxacin after vaccination. Beside these result there results there was slight decrease in heamagglutination inhibition [HI] to Newcastle disease specially in group treated with difloxacin after vaccination

Protective efficacy of commercial inactivated Newcastle disease virus vaccines in chickens against a recent Korean epizootic strain

Despite the intensive vaccination policy that has been put in place to control Newcastle disease virus (NDV), the recent emergence of NDV genotype VII strains in Korea has led to significant economic losses in the poultry industry. We ssessed the ability of inactivated, oil-emulsion vaccines derived from La Sota or Ulster 2C NDV strains to protect chickens from challenge with Kr-005/00, which is a recently isolated Korean epizootic genotype VII strain. Six-week-old SPF chickens were vaccinated once and challenged three weeks later via the eye drop/intranasal route. All vaccinated birds were fully protected from disease, regardless of the vaccine strains used. All vaccinated and challenged groups showed significant sero-conversion 14 days after challenge. However, some vaccinated birds, despite being protected from disease, shed the challenge virus from their oro-pharynx and cloaca, albeit at significantly lower titers than the unvaccinated challenged control birds. The virological, serological, and epidemiological significance of our observations with regard to NDV disease eradication is discussed.

Protection of chickens from Newcastle disease with a recombinant baculovirus subunit vaccine expressing the fusion and hemagglutininneuraminidase proteins

Recombinant baculoviruses containing the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein gene of the viscerotropic velogenic (vv) Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolate, Kr-005/00, and a lentogenic La Sota strain of the NDV were constructed in an attempt to develop an effective subunit vaccine to the recent epizootic vvNDV. The level of protection was determined by evaluating the clinical signs, mortality, and virus shedding from the oropharynx and cloaca of chickens after a challenge with vvNDV Kr-005/00. The recombinant ND F (rND F) and recombinant HN (rND HN) glycoproteins derived from the velogenic strain provided good protection against the clinical signs and mortality, showing a 0.00 PI value and 100% protection after a booster immunization. On the other hand, the combined rND F + HN glycoprotein derived from the velogenic strain induced complete protection (0.00 PI value and 100% protection) and significantly reduced the amount of virus shedding even after a single immunization. The rND F and rND HN glycoproteins derived from the velogenic strain had a slightly, but not significantly, greater protective effect than the lentogenic strain. These results suggest that the combined rND F + HN glycoprotein derived from vvNDV can be an ideal subunit marker vaccine candidate in chickens in a future ND eradication program.

effect of mixed live vaccines of newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis on systemic and local antibody responses in chickens

In the present study, 360 male day-old broiler chicks were used to determine the effect of mixed live vaccines of Newcastle disease [ND] and infectious bronchitis [IB] on serum and local antibody responses to IB. Chicks were randomly divided into 12 treatment groups of 3 replicates and reared for 40 days on floor pens. Groups 1 to 5 received mixed ND and IB vaccine. Groups 7 to 11 received IB vaccine alone and regarded as positive controls. Group 6, that received ND vaccine only, and group 12, that received no vaccine, were considered as negative controls. Antibody titer against IB in the nasal washings and sera was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]. The chickens were inoculated with IB live vaccine [strain HI 20] with or without ND live vaccine by means of an eye dropper. Serum samples obtained on the 19th and 29th day of age and serum samples, as well as nasal washings, collected on day 40, were used to determine systemic and local antibody responses to IB. On the 40th day of age, tracheal samples were also collected to study the probable pathologic lesions due to the effect of live vaccines used. There was no significant difference in systemic antibody response [SAR] among all groups measured on the 19th day. On the 29th and 40th day of age, SAR of the negative control groups was significantly [P<0.05] different from those received IB vaccine. On the 40th day, nasal washings showed higher antibody titer as compared to the systemic antibody titer [P

Níveis de anticorpos contra a doença de Newcastle mediante a imunização com vacinas associadas com os vírus da bronquite infecciosa e da infecção da bursa de Fabrícius / Levels of antibodies against Newcastle disease by immunization wuith associated vaccines with infectious bronchitis virus and infectiuos bursal disease

Um artifício atualmente bastante difundido para a imunização de aves em apenas uma única administração, seria a utilização de vacinas associadas; mas segundo alguns pesquisadores, frangos de corte vacinados com vacinas associadas contendo vírus vivos atenuados da doença de Newcastle (DNC) e da bronquite infecciosa das galinhas (BIG), podem sofrer um fenômeno denominado interferência viral, incapacitando o sistema imunológico de estimular a produção de anticorpos (AC) protetores, produzindo uma competição por epítopos, ou dirigindo a resposta imune em outros sentidos. Estes animais foram divididos em nove tratamentos e imunizados com vacinas contendo as cepas HB1 (HB1 e Clone 30) do vírus da DNC e da cepa Massachusetts (H120 e Ma5) para o vírus da BIG, em diversas combinações, administradas pela via ocular. Um tratamento (T11) deixado sem imunização foi utilizado como controle. Os tratamentos T2, T4 e T10 sofreram imunização apenas contra a DNC em separado ou associada no momento da vacinação ou em laboratório à BIG, sendo que nos tratamentos T5, T6, T7, T8 e T9 foi incluída a vacinação contra a infecção da bursa de fabrícius (IBF). Os resultados mostram haver uma redução na produção de AC contra a DNC quando esta foi associada à BIG (tratamento 4), ambas doluídas no mesmo frasco no momento da vacinação. Porém observou-se menor interferência, a partir da utilização de uma vacina já associada em laboratório (tratamento 10). Quanto à presença do vírus da IBF presente nos grupos G5 a G8, este parece favorecer o sistema imune através de um estímulo precoce deste, reduzindo a diferença na qualidade de AC quando estas são posteriormente associadas.

Mycobacterium phlei as an oral immunomodulator with Newcastle disease vaccine.

Experiments were conducted in chickens to understand the effects of oral immunomodulation. Heat inactivated M phlei, a commensal Mycobacterium and a non-specific immunomodulator, was administered orally prior to live Newcastle disease F (ND F) strain vaccination. In experimental birds it lead to an enhanced cell mediated Immune response (CMI) against the vaccine. There was a reduction in the Haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibodies. However, it did not affect the protection against a virulent challenge, as the protection percentage was more or less same in vaccinated birds irrespective of the M.phlei administration. M. phlei administration could not enhance the immune response to inactivated ND F vaccine administered orally. The results indicate that M. phlei favours a CMI response to orally administered live ND F vaccine. It may be of potential use in enhancing CMI against vaccines and a cheaper alternative to costlier recombinant cytokines.

Resposta imune conferida pelas amostras La Sota e VG/GA do vírus da doença de Newcastle / Immune response conferred by La Sota and VG/GA strains of the Newcastle Disease Virus

Estudou-se a resposta imune de aves infectadas experimentalmente com amostras lentogênicas do vírus da doença de Newcastle (VDN), incluindo uma amostra com tropismo para o sistema respiratório e outra com tropismo entérico. Foram utilizadas as vias ocular, nasal, água de bebida e aspersão para a inoculação das amostras virais. A pesquisa foi realizada em 1.600 aves de linhagem para corte, divididas em oito grupos, de acordo com a amostra do vírus e a via de inoculação. Dez aves de cada grupo foram sacrificadas semanalmente. A resposta imune foi avaliada pela determinaçäo de anticorpos por ELISA e inibição da hemaglutinação. Os grupos inoculados com a amostra La Sota exibiram níveis mais elevados de anticorpos anti-VDN, superiores aos dos grupos inoculados com a amostra VG/GA. A resposta anamnéstica foi mais baixa para a amostra VG/GA inoculada pela água de bebida, e os níveis mais elevados de anticorpos circulantes, no pré-desafio, näo impediram a infecçäo pelo vírus

Relation between the hemaglutination inhibition test and the indirect ELISA in the sorologic monitoring of laying hens submitted to different systems of vaccination against newcastle disease

A relaçäo entre os testes de ELISA indireto (EI) e de inibiçäo de hemaglutinaçäo (HI) foi estudada em 240 soros de poedeiras submetidas a diferentes sistemas de vacinaçäo contra a Doença de Newcastle. Uma elevada correlaçäo foi obtida entre as duas provas sorológicas, embora tenha sido observada uma ampla variaçäo de absorvância no EI para soros do mesmo título de HI

Leucocyte migration inhibition test (LMI) for the in vitro detection of cellular immunity in Newcastle disease

O teste de inibiçäo da migraçäo de leucócitos (IML), descrito neste trabalho, mostrou-se apropriado para avaliaçäo da imunidade anti-Newcastle em aves. O teste de inibiçäo da hemaglutinaçäo (HI) foi usado como parâmetro de comparaçäo para medida da resposta imune humoral. Os resultados mostraram näo haver correspondência entre as imunidades celular e humoral

Influencia de algunos preservativos conservadores sobre la efectividad de una vacuna contra la enfermedad del Newcastle / Influence of some conservative preservative on the efficiency of a vaccine against Newcastle disease

La estructura viral puede verse afectada por la presencia de ciertos compuestos químicos. Se demuestra un aumento en el tiempo de mortalidad de embriones de pollo que recibieron virus expuestos a conservadores como el fenol o el metil y el propil parabeno, lo que indica una disminución significativa en el número de partículas virales viables capaces de causar infección. Por hemoaglutinación también se demuestra un incremento relativamente pequeño y lento en el número de virus, en función de un tiempo determinado, en el líquido alaitoideo de embriones inoculados con virus expuestos a fenol y parabenos, a diferencia de otros embriones que recibieron vacunas expuestas a conservadores como la penicilina y estreptomicina con o sin tampón fosfato. El uso de vacunas tratadas con fenol o parabenos, previo a su administración en pollitos, dieron títulos serológicos de inhibición de la hemoaglutinación bastante bajos, demostrando también la importancia del uso adecuado de conservadores apropiados en una formulación vacunal

A case of human infection with Newcastle disease virus.

A case of Newcastle disease virus infection in a female laboratory technician is reported for the first time in Malaysia. Infection was acquired by droplet infection of the eye while grinding infected chicken in the laboratory. The case was confirmed by isolation of Newcastle disease virus from an eye swab taken from the subject on the first day of clinical signs. A four-fold rise of haemagglutination-inhibition titre was shown when sera on the third day of infection and 15 days later were compared.